The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS): The relationships between galaxy morphology, colors, mass and environment at z ∼ 0.7

We present a detailed analysis of the evolution of the rest-frame B-band morphology of K-selected galaxies with 0 < z < 2.5. This work is based on the K20 spectroscopic sample (Ks < 20) located within the Chandra Deep Field South area, coupled with the public deep GOODS (Great Observatories Origins Deep Surveys) Hubble Space Telescope (HST)+Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) multiband optical imaging available in that field. Thanks to the spectroscopic completeness of this catalogue reaching 94 per cent, we can compare the morphological and spectroscopic properties of galaxies with unprecedented detail. Our morphological analysis includes visual inspection and automatic procedures using both parametric (e.g. the Sérsic indices treated by the GALFIT and GASPHOT packages) and non-parametric (concentration, asymmetry and clumpiness, CAS) methods. By exploiting the four-band deep ACS imaging we account in detail for morphological K-correction as a function of the redshift and show that, while parametric methods do not efficiently separate early- and late-type galaxies, non-parametric ones prove more efficient and reliable. Our analysis classifies the K20 galaxies as: 60/300 (20 per cent, class 1) normal ellipticals/S0 14/300 (4 per cent, class 2) perturbed or peculiar ellipticals; 80/300 (27 per cent, class 3) normal spirals; 48/300 (16 per cent, class 4) perturbed or actively star-forming spirals; 98/300 (33 per cent, class 5) irregulars. The morphological and spectroscopic classifications are compatible with each other for more than 90 per cent of the sample galaxies, while seven class-1 E/S0 objects show emission lines and 11 spirals and irregulars (classes 3+4+5) have purely absorption-line spectra. The evolution of the merging fraction is constrained up to z~ 2, by carefully accounting the effects of morphological K-correction: both asymmetry criterion and pair statistics show an increasing merging fraction as a function of redshift. We finally analyse the redshift dependence of the effective radii for early- and late-type galaxies and find some mild evidence for a decrease with z of the early-type galaxy sizes, while the discs and irregulars remain constant. Altogether, this analysis of the K20 sample indicates the large predominance of spirals and irregulars at 0.5 < z < 1.5 in K-band selected samples at even moderate depths.