Nekhoroshev-stability of L4 and L5 in the spatial restricted three--body problem

We show that L4 and L5 in the spatial restricted circular three-body problem are Nekhoroshev-stable for all but a few values of the reduced mass up to the Routh critical value. This result is based on two extensions of previous results on Nekhoroshev-stability of elliptic equilibria, namely to the case of "directional quasi-convexity", a notion introduced here, and to a (non-convex) steep case. We verify that the hypotheses are satisfied for L4 and L5 by means of numerically constructed Birkhoff normal forms.