Effect of vegetative filter strips on herbicide runoff under various types of rainfall

Narrow vegetative filter strips proved to effectively reduce herbicide runoff from cultivated fields mainlydue to the ability of vegetation to delay surface runoff, promote infiltration and adsorb herbicides. A field trial was conducted from 2007 to 2009 in north-east Italy in order to evaluate the effectiveness of various types of vegetative filter strips to reduce spring-summer runoff of the herbicides mesotrione, metolachlor and terbuthylazine, widely used in maize, and to evaluate the effect of the rainfall characteristics on the runoff volume and concentration. Results show that without vegetative filter strip the herbicide load that reaches the surface water is about 5–6 g ha_1 year_1 for metolachlor and terbuthylazine (i.e. 0.5–0.9% of the applied rate), confirming that runoff from flat fields as in the Po Valley can have a minor effect on the water quality, and that most of the risk is posed by a few, or even just one extreme rainfall event with a return period of about 25–27 years, causing runoff with a maximum concentration of 64–77 μg L_1. Mesotrione instead showed rapid soil disappearance and was observed at a concentration of 1.0–3.8 μg L_1 only after one extreme (artificial) rainfall. Vegetative filter strips of any type are generally effective and can reduce herbicide runoff by 80–88%. Their effectiveness is steady even under severe rainfall conditions, and this supports their implementation in an environmental regulatory scheme at a catchment or regional scale.