Chapter 22 - Finite element modelling in musculoskeletal biomechanics

Numerical approximation of the solutions to boundary value problems, by means of finite element analysis, has proven to be of significant benefit to the field of musculoskeletal biomechanics. The human musculoskeletal system is a complex mechanism. The principal function of this apparatus is the transmission of mechanical loads, both in terms of tissues and organs. The dynamic, three-dimensional kinematics of the joints are evaluated through noninvasive methodologies using stereophotogrammetry, force plates coupled to advanced musculoskeletal modelling software, and image segmentation methods. The measured variables (kinematics and ground reaction forces) allow the simulation of the whole musculoskeletal system and the determination of the forces acting locally on each joint. The local mechanical response of musculoskeletal joints is then studied through finite element computer simulations from the scale of the whole body down to the organ level.