Characterization and Reinforcement of Stone Masonry Walls

Stone masonry is one of the oldest “structural materials” known to man. It is made by the superposition of stones, mortar and, very often, with infill material between leaves. The components present complex links and interactions and, in most cases, unknown geometry and high variability of their mechanical properties. These characteristics make stone masonry a highly heterogeneous material for which it is difficult to define realistic behaviour laws, a challenge that still demands further research, either through laboratory or onsite experimental campaigns. In reality, the mechanical characteristics of a stone masonry element strongly depend on the geometry and geometrical distribution of the stones along the façade and cross-section of the element and, therefore, on the layout of the interfaces, i.e. the joints. Studies developed in Italy have defined a series of parameters that try to quantify the level of fulfilment of good practice constructions rules with the expectable performance of a stone masonry wall under static and dynamic loading, in particular under seismic type loadings. This chapter discusses construction typologies and materials, assessment methodologies, earthquake induced failure mechanisms and strengthening intervention techniques on stone masonry structures, in particular walls.