Degradação, violência, jornada exaustiva entre os trabalhadores da frota de carga e cruzeiro internacional

This article is the second part of an analysis and reflection on the forms and cases of forced and degradation of labour in the international merchant marine sector; it discusses forms and cases that were not dealt with in the previous article: abandonment of seafarers; psychological and physical violence sometimes resulting in murder; degradation and harm through negligence; discrimination by nationality for access to the sector or to some segments of it; and overwork. Discussing these cases will enable us to create opportunities for comparison with studies conducted on a global scale into cases of abuse of maritime workers and with similar cases and forms of labour on land. The concluding part of the article focuses on an analysis of changes in disciplinary and coercive labour regulations in the maritime sector during the period from 1990 to 2015, which find their place in a more than 50-year long process of modifications in the apparatus (re)producing forced labour in the maritime sector.