Ovarian cancer (OC) is the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer among women and is considered the most lethal gynecologic malignancy because is diagnosed at a late stage due to the lack of an effective screening strategy. Standard treatment for ovarian cancer is maximal cytoreductive surgical debulking followed by platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy, but the probability of recurrence is very high. Antiangiogenic therapy is based on the use of VEGF-inhibiting drugs. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A, approved in 2011 as an addition to carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy and maintenance therapy in newly diagnosed patients or advanced-stage ovarian cancer, but despite initial clinical benefit, acquisition of resistance eventually occurs. The aim of this project is to investigate the mechanisms behind anti-VEGF therapy resistance in OC and investigate the possible role and impact of mitochondrial DNA mutations on the metabolic features of ovarian cancer cells. Initially, we performed mtDNA sequencing and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) of twenty ovarian carcinoma patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models previously established in our lab from ascites of patients affected by HGSOC and propagated in immunodeficient mice (NOD/SCID). Seven PDXs were selected depending on the presence (homoplasmic or >50% heteroplasmic mutations) or absence of mtDNA mutations for metabolic-related experiments and in vivo experiments with anti-VEGF therapy treatment. The presence of homoplasmic mutations was partially correlated with high MCT4 expression quantified by digital pathology technology and matched with Western blot analysis and in vitro lactate production levels (PDOVCA 5 and PDOVCA 62). Moreover, low MCT4 expression seemed to be connected to the absence of mitochondrial mutations, as exemplified by PDOVCA 15 cells. Finally, enzymatic activity assay of respiratory chain complexes showed reduction in the complex activities in homoplasmic mutated PDOVCA, but it did not reveal any difference in heteroplasmic models. Extracellular flux analyses (Seahorse) showed that mtDNA mutated models had a more energetic profile than wild type ones. Considering this background information, we performed in vivo experiments with an anti-VEGF inhibitor (bevacizumab) with all these models. We found that three PDXs were intrinsically resistant to anti-VEGF therapy (PDOVCA 15, PDOVCA 17, and PDOVCA 69), while the remaining PDXs firstly responded, but eventually acquired resistance to bevacizumab (PDOVCA 5, PDOVCA 49, PDOVCA 62, and PDOVCA 126). Based on the evidence that highly glycolytic PDX models (PDOVCA 5 and PDOVCA 62) are good responders to anti-VEGF therapy compared with poorly glycolytic PDXs (PDOVCA 15 and PDOVCA 17), we sought to investigate the possible prognostic role of MCT4 in patients. To this end, we digitally quantified expression levels of MCT4 protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue microarrays of 358 ovarian cancer samples treated with chemotherapy plus bevacizumab. Unfortunately, statistical analysis disclosed that MCT4 expression lacked prognostic value in this population, suggesting that a multi-parametric algorithm might be required to predict response to this antiangiogenic drug. Next, to investigate whether anti-VEGF therapy could select (either positively or negatively) certain mitochondrial mutations, we performed mtDNA sequencing before and after therapy in six models (PDOVCA 5, PDOVCA 62, PDOVCA 49, PDOVCA 126, PDOVCA 69, and PDOVCA 15), but neither homoplasmic nor heteroplasmic mutations abundancy changed after therapy. Finally, by using the materials collected from the in vivo experiments with anti-VEGF therapy, we combined multi-omics analysis including WES, RNA-Seq, phosphoproteomics and proteomics, to further investigate the different mechanisms of resistance following anti-VEGF therapy. Only preliminary data of this multi-omics approach are shown in this thesis.
Il carcinoma dell’ovaio è classificato come il settimo tumore più comunemente diagnosticato nelle donne e viene considerato il più letale tra i tumori. Nella maggior parte dei casi, il carcinoma dell’ovaio viene diagnosticato in stadio avanzato a causa della mancanza di efficienti strategie di screening. La terapia antiangiogenica è basata sull’utilizzo di farmaci che bloccano la formazione di nuovi vasi sanguigni nel tumore, cercando di contrastarne la crescita. Il bevacizumab (o Avastin) è un anticorpo monoclonale umano che ha come bersaglio il Fattore di crescita dell'endotelio vascolare di tipo A (VEGFA). Questo farmaco viene usato in clinica in combinazione con la chemioterapia (carboplatino e paclitaxel) come terapia di mantenimento nei pazienti con diagnosi recente di carcinoma dell’ovaio o negli stadi avanzati, ma nonostante l’iniziale beneficio clinico, spesso si osserva lo sviluppo di resistenza. Il principale scopo di questo progetto è capire il ruolo delle mutazioni mitocondriali nelle caratteristiche metaboliche del carcinoma dell’ovaio e indagare i possibili meccanismi di resistenza che insorgono durante la terapia antiangiogenica nel carcinoma dell’ovaio. Inizialmente abbiamo sequenziato 20 modelli di xenotrapianto (PDX) derivati da pazienti affetti da carcinoma sieroso di alto grado dell’ovaio e stabilizzati in topi immunodeficienti (NOD/SCID). Sette modelli di xenotrapianto derivati da paziente sono stati selezionati a seconda della presenza (omoplasmica o eteroplasmica) o assenza (controllo non mutato) di mutazioni mitocondriali per lo svolgimento di esperimenti metabolici ed esperimenti in vivo con il trattamento antiangiogenico. La presenza di mutazioni omoplasmiche è parzialmente correlabile con l’espressione del marcatore MCT4 (considerato un importante marcatore della glicolisi) e con la produzione di lattato (PDOVCA 5 e PDOVCA 62). Al contrario, una bassa espressione di MCT4 sembra essere connessa a un’assenza di mutazioni . Inoltre, il dosaggio dell´attività dei complessi mitocondriali hanno mostrato una riduzione statisticamente significativa nelle PDOVCA con mutazioni omoplasmiche. Infine, le analisi effettuate al Seahorse hanno mostrato che i modelli mutati (con mutazioni sia omoplasmiche che eteroplasmiche) hanno un profilo energetico più alto rispetto ai modelli non mutati o con mutazione a basso impatto (PDOVCA 69). Successivamente, abbiamo eseguito gli esperimenti in vivo sui sette modelli precedentemente descritti, trattandoli con il bevacizumab. Abbiamo individuato tre modelli PDX che sono primariamente resistenti (PDOVCA 15, PDOVCA 17 e PDOVCA 69), mentre i restanti quattro modelli rispondono all’inizio, ma acquistano successivamente resistenza al bevacizumab (PDOVCA 5, PDOVCA 49, PDOVCA 62 e PDOVCA 126). Basandosi sull’evidenza che i tumori altamente glicolitici sembrano rispondere meglio alla terapia anti-VEGF, abbiamo deciso di approfondire l’importanza di MCT4 come marcatore prognostico nei pazienti. A questo proposito, tissue microarrays colorati con IHC per MCT4, provenienti da 358 campioni di pazienti trattati con il bevacizumab in combinata con la chemioterapia sono stati quantificati digitalmente. Purtroppo, i risultati hanno mostrato che questo marcatore non ha un valore prognostico in questa coorte di pazienti. Successivamente, abbiamo sequenziato il genoma mitocondriale prima e dopo la terapia per capire se le mutazioni venissero selezionate positivamente o negativamente. I risultati mostrano che non vi è nessuna variazione nelle percentuali delle mutazioni. Infine, attraverso l’utilizzo di approcci multi-omici come il WES, il sequenziamento dell’RNA e la proteomica, stiamo cercando di capire e studiare diversi meccanismi di resistenza alla terapia anti-VEGF. In questo studio, verranno mostrati solo i dati preliminari.
Studio dell'impatto delle mutazioni mitocondriali sul metabolismo del carcinoma dell'ovaio e meccanismi di resistenza sviluppati in seguito al trattamento con terapia anti-VEG / Piga, Ilaria. - (2022 May 24).
Studio dell'impatto delle mutazioni mitocondriali sul metabolismo del carcinoma dell'ovaio e meccanismi di resistenza sviluppati in seguito al trattamento con terapia anti-VEG
PIGA, ILARIA
2022
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer among women and is considered the most lethal gynecologic malignancy because is diagnosed at a late stage due to the lack of an effective screening strategy. Standard treatment for ovarian cancer is maximal cytoreductive surgical debulking followed by platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy, but the probability of recurrence is very high. Antiangiogenic therapy is based on the use of VEGF-inhibiting drugs. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A, approved in 2011 as an addition to carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy and maintenance therapy in newly diagnosed patients or advanced-stage ovarian cancer, but despite initial clinical benefit, acquisition of resistance eventually occurs. The aim of this project is to investigate the mechanisms behind anti-VEGF therapy resistance in OC and investigate the possible role and impact of mitochondrial DNA mutations on the metabolic features of ovarian cancer cells. Initially, we performed mtDNA sequencing and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) of twenty ovarian carcinoma patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models previously established in our lab from ascites of patients affected by HGSOC and propagated in immunodeficient mice (NOD/SCID). Seven PDXs were selected depending on the presence (homoplasmic or >50% heteroplasmic mutations) or absence of mtDNA mutations for metabolic-related experiments and in vivo experiments with anti-VEGF therapy treatment. The presence of homoplasmic mutations was partially correlated with high MCT4 expression quantified by digital pathology technology and matched with Western blot analysis and in vitro lactate production levels (PDOVCA 5 and PDOVCA 62). Moreover, low MCT4 expression seemed to be connected to the absence of mitochondrial mutations, as exemplified by PDOVCA 15 cells. Finally, enzymatic activity assay of respiratory chain complexes showed reduction in the complex activities in homoplasmic mutated PDOVCA, but it did not reveal any difference in heteroplasmic models. Extracellular flux analyses (Seahorse) showed that mtDNA mutated models had a more energetic profile than wild type ones. Considering this background information, we performed in vivo experiments with an anti-VEGF inhibitor (bevacizumab) with all these models. We found that three PDXs were intrinsically resistant to anti-VEGF therapy (PDOVCA 15, PDOVCA 17, and PDOVCA 69), while the remaining PDXs firstly responded, but eventually acquired resistance to bevacizumab (PDOVCA 5, PDOVCA 49, PDOVCA 62, and PDOVCA 126). Based on the evidence that highly glycolytic PDX models (PDOVCA 5 and PDOVCA 62) are good responders to anti-VEGF therapy compared with poorly glycolytic PDXs (PDOVCA 15 and PDOVCA 17), we sought to investigate the possible prognostic role of MCT4 in patients. To this end, we digitally quantified expression levels of MCT4 protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue microarrays of 358 ovarian cancer samples treated with chemotherapy plus bevacizumab. Unfortunately, statistical analysis disclosed that MCT4 expression lacked prognostic value in this population, suggesting that a multi-parametric algorithm might be required to predict response to this antiangiogenic drug. Next, to investigate whether anti-VEGF therapy could select (either positively or negatively) certain mitochondrial mutations, we performed mtDNA sequencing before and after therapy in six models (PDOVCA 5, PDOVCA 62, PDOVCA 49, PDOVCA 126, PDOVCA 69, and PDOVCA 15), but neither homoplasmic nor heteroplasmic mutations abundancy changed after therapy. Finally, by using the materials collected from the in vivo experiments with anti-VEGF therapy, we combined multi-omics analysis including WES, RNA-Seq, phosphoproteomics and proteomics, to further investigate the different mechanisms of resistance following anti-VEGF therapy. Only preliminary data of this multi-omics approach are shown in this thesis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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