Native sap-sucker insects in the mediterranean basin

Several native species of aphids, coccids and bugs can affect trees in the Mediterranean Basin. The prominent species on broadleaved trees are Phylloxera quercus and Kermes vermilio for evergreen oaks, and Phloeomyzus passerinii for poplars. On conifers, Haematoloma dorsatum and three species of Leucaspis could be considered as pine pests. Most of these species are occasional pests. They generally affect the vigour of their host tree by consuming host resources. In addition, resources may be further depleted by indirect effects, resulting from a reduced photosynthesis due to sooty molds development and early leaf fall. These insects can also cause significant aesthetic damage for ornamental trees. Phloeomyzus passerinii however can be considered as a primary pest killing mature poplar stands during outbreaks, probably through dramatic modifications of resources allocations within their host trees. The economical impact of most of these species has increased recently, and some of them have spread northwardly, while they were previously restricted to the Mediterranean Basin. Climate change and/or changes in silvicultural practices could explain these recent modifications of geographical ranges and damage incidence.