Temporal processing and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques

Non-invasive brain stimulation encompasses a collection of technologies and methods used to adjust brain excitability through transcranial stimulation. Within this field, two primary non-invasive brain stimulation modalities are transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (tES). The present chapter includes studies on explicit and implicit timing using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to understand the causal role of specific brain areas in time processing. We conclude that several interconnected areas are involved in processing temporal information. Their contribution depends on the employed time interval duration, the cognitive set involved in the chosen task, and the stimulus modality. Critical observations regarding the specificity of each stimulation method as well as limitations and criticisms of the studies that have used brain stimulation techniques are also discussed.