Characterizing flexibility services to optimally integrate distributed energy sources into the electrical system

This research proposes innovative approaches for the management electrical distribution systems. The objective fits into the macro-theme of energy transition and, in particular, the electrification of energy end uses. That is, the increasing electrical load on lines and the growing penetration of non-programmable renewable plants in distribution systems increase management difficulties. In this context, flexibility services assume a central role in optimized grid management to avoid the over sizing of the components. The Thesis addresses two main issues: the integration of electric vehicle charging stations into the power system and the development of market platforms for the exchange of flexibility services. In both cases, the methodological approach is based on the use of optimization algorithms. In the first part, a charging station with an innovative topology, capable of increasing operational flexibility toward both the electric system and users, is proposed. The infrastructure aims to reduce the impact of fast charging on the distribution system and increase the availability of charging points without increasing overall costs. To this end, optimized charging strategies and bidirectional components are adopted. Two topological innovations characterize the proposal: the use of multiple point of connection with the possibility of meshing multiple distribution feeders and the single charger multiple socket configuration. The station uses standard components already available on the market, thus being replicable and feasible. From the point of view of flexibility services, a transparent and competitive market configuration is proposed, which avoids privileging users based on connection location. In traditional distribution systems, in fact, flexibility is acquired by considering both cost and user location. In this work, while respecting system constraints that cannot be eliminated, a market structure is introduced that allows the operator to acquire the flexibility needed to resolve congestion and voltage criticality. The results include a comparison with a cost-minimization-oriented approach, providing a quantification of the extra cost associated with the proposed market structure.