Generalizing the Paige-Tarjan algorithm by abstract interpretation

The Paige and Tarjan algorithm (PT) for computing the coarsest refinement of a state partition which is a bisimulation on some Kripke structure is well known. It is also well known in model checking that bisimulation is equivalent to strong preservation of CTL or, equivalently, of Hennessy-Milner logic. Drawing on these observations, we analyze the basic steps of the PT algorithm from an abstract interpretation perspective, which allows us to reason on strong preservation in the context of arbitrary (temporal) languages and of generic abstract models, possibly different from standard state partitions, specified by abstract interpretation. This leads us to design a generalized Paige-Tarjan algorithm, called GPT, for computing the minimal refinement of an abstract interpretation-based model that strongly preserves some given language. It turns out that PT is a straight instance of GPT on the domain of state partitions for the case of strong preservation of Hennessy-Milner logic. We provide a number of examples showing that GPT is of general use. We first show how a well-known efficient algorithm for computing stuttering equivalence can be viewed as a simple instance of GPT. We then instantiate GPT in order to design a new efficient algorithm for computing simulation equivalence that is competitive with the best available algorithms. Finally, we show how GPT allows to deal with strong preservation of new languages by providing an efficient algorithm that computes the coarsest refinement of a given partition that strongly preserves a language generated by the reachability operator.