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Numerical investigations of surface negative ion production in the giant NBI source SPIDER

The SPIDER experiment (Source for Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from RF plasma), located at the Neutral Beam Test Facility in Padua, is dedicated to the study of the radiofrequency (RF) negative ion source that will be used in the ITER Negative Ion-based Neutral Beam Injectors. The production and extraction of high negative ion currents, particularly Image 1001, are technically challenging due to their short lifetime inside plasmas, requiring a strong magnetic filter and the use o...

Numerical investigation of the impact of conductivity modelling in fluid simulations of RF drivers for giant negative ion sources

Current designs for ITER giant NBI sources involve the use of multiple large radio-frequency (RF) drivers to heat the plasma from which negative ions are extracted. A clear example is the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) prototype, MITICA (Megavolt ITer Injector & Concept Advancement), currently under construction at Consorzio RFX in Padua, and its separate mock-up, SPIDER (Source for Production of Ion of Deuterium Extracted from RF plasma), currently in operation; both accommodate eight sepa...

Spatial Characterization of Plasma Properties in a Kamaboko Negative Ion Source

High-energy negative ion-based neutral beam injectors (N-NBIs) are commonly equipped with filament-arc or radio frequency (RF) ion sources. Both types are based on the tandem concept, which envisages the presence of a static and oriented magnetic field, called the filter field (FF), for preventing negative ion destruction by energetic electrons. As a consequence, plasma parameters strongly depend on the position inside the ion source. To this end, a water-cooled movable Langmuir probe (LP) wa...

Hollow Cathodes as an Alternative for NBI Sources: Preliminary Results on the ATHENIS Facility

Hollow cathodes (HCs) are a widely used technology in space propulsion, representing the standard for electric thrusters both as neutralizers and plasma heating sources nowadays. HC discharges have been proven to be a highly efficient and reliable plasma generation technology with demonstrated lifetimes of tens of thousands of hours without any maintenance, making these devices a valuable alternative for negative ion sources. Consorzio RFX in Padua and University of Pisa have been testing thi...

Effectiveness, Safety and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Bulevirtide Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis Delta: Real-World Evidence From a Prospective Observational Study

: Chronic hepatitis delta (CHD) is the most severe form of viral hepatitis and is associated with accelerated progression to cirrhosis and liver failure. Bulevirtide has shown promising results in trials, but real-world data on its effectiveness, safety and impact on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) remain limited. To evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and PROs (quality-of life-QoL; adherence) of bulevirtide therapy in CHD patients undergoing a dedicated pharmacist-led patient-education prog...

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