Focused inversion of Vertical Radar Profile (VRP) travel-time data

The reconstruction of the GPR velocity vertical profile from vertical radar profile (VRP) traveltime data is a problem with a finite number of measurements and imprecise data, analogous to similar seismic techniques, such as the shallow down-hole test used for S-wave velocity profiling or the vertical seismic profiling (VSP) commonly used in deeper exploration. The uncertainty in data accuracy and the error amplification inherent in deriving velocity estimates from gradients of arrival times make this an example of an ill-posed inverse problem. In the framework of Tikhonov regularization theory, ill-posedness can be tackled by introducing a regularizing functional (stabilizer). The role of this functional is to stabilize the numerical solution by incorporating the appropriate a priori assumptions about the geometrical and/or physical properties of the solution. One of these assumptions could be the existence of sharp boundaries separating rocks with different physical properties. We apply a method based on the minimum support stabilizer to the VRP traveltime inverse problem. This stabilizer makes it possible to produce more accurate profiles of geological targets with compact structure. We compare more traditional inversion results with our proposed compact reconstructions. Using synthetic examples, we demonstrate that the minimum support stabilizer allows an improved recovery of the profile shape and velocity values of blocky targets. We also study the stabilizer behavior with respect to different noise levels and different choices of the reference model. The proposed approach is then applied to real cases where VPRs have been used to derive moisture content profiles as a function of depth. In these real cases, the derived sharper profiles are consistent with other evidence, such as GPR zero-offset profiles, GPR reflections and known locations of the water table.