Looking at the world with your ears: How do we get the size of an object from its sound?

Identifying the properties of on-going events by the sound they produce is crucial for our interaction with the environment when visual information is not available. Here, we investigated the ability of listeners to esti- mate the size of an object (a ball) dropped on a plate with ecological listening conditions (balls were dropped in real time) and response methods (listeners estimate ball-size by drawing a disk). Previous studies had shown that listeners can veridically estimate the size of objects by the sound they produce, but it is yet unclear which acoustical index listeners use to produce their estimates. In particular, it is unclear whether lis- teners listen to amplitude (related to loudness) or frequency (related to the sound's brightness) domain cue to produce their estimates. In the current study, in order to understand which cue is used by the listener to recover the size of the object, we manipulated the sound source event in such a way that frequency and am- plitude cues provided contrasting size-information (balls were dropped from various heights). Results showed that listeners' estimations were accurate regardless of the experimental manipulations performed in the experiments. In addition, results suggest that listeners were likely integrating frequency and amplitude acoustical cues in order to produce their estimate and although these cues were often providing contrasting size-information.