Reconstructing fluctuations of La Mare Glacier (Eastern Italian Alps) in the Late Holocene: new evidence for a Little Ice Age maximum around 1600 AD.

Field observations, old terrestrial photographs and maps, aerial orthophotos and detailed geomorphological mapping were used for compiling and validating a 119-year cumulative record of terminus changes for La Mare Glacier, Eastern Italian Alps. Late Holocene glacier maxima preceding direct observations were reconstructed by applying age dating techniques (radiocarbon and lichenometry) to glacial deposits in the proglacial area of the glacier. Results show that the glacier reached its maximal position around 1600 AD, followed by smaller advances in the 18th century, while in the 19th century it did not reach or overrun these positions. A similar behaviour for neighbouring glaciers was reported by previous works, documenting absolute Late Holocene maxima in the 17th or 18th centuries. By contrast, multi-century reconstructions available for the northwestern Alps show that in the 19th century glaciers were at their maximum or very close to previous maxima achieved in the first half of the 17th century. Climatic causes for these discrepancies have been examined, analysing multi-proxy climatic reconstructions starting in 1500 AD, but also morphodynamic processes linked to the bedrock characteristics of La Mare Glacier could have played a role in modulating its response to climatic changes.