Arterial enhancing – only nodules less than 2 cm in diameter in patients with liver cirrhosis: predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis on gadobenate dimeglumine - enhanced MR Imaging

Purpose: To assess whether gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA)-enhanced MR imaging could predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis in small arterial enhancing-only nodules detected by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in patients with liver cirrhosis. Materials and Methods: We prospectively recruited 125 cirrhotic patients (67 males, and 58 females; age: 68 6 12.36 years) with 151 small (<2 cm in diameter) arterial enhancing-only nodules identified by contrast-enhanced CT. All patients were scanned by MR imaging before and after Gd-BOPTA injection during the hepatic arterial phase (HAP), portal venous phase (PVP), equilibrium phase (EP), and hepatobiliary phase (HP). Nodule characterization was based on reference imaging criteria (n ¼ 29 nodules), follow-up (n ¼ 105), or histology (n ¼ 17). Two radiologists (5 and 10 years experience) analyzed the MR images, and logistic regression was conducted to assess how well MR imaging findings could predict HCC diagnosis. Results: Final diagnoses included 115 benign nodules and 36 HCCs. Nodule T2 hyperintensity, T1 hypointensity, PVP-EP hypointensity, and HP hypointensity were the best predictors of HCC on univariate analysis. Nodule T2 hyperintensity, T1 hypointensity, and HP hypointensity, were independent predictors of HCC on multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Gd-BOPTA-enhanced MR imaging provides imaging findings which may predict a diagnosis of HCC in small arterial enhancing-only nodules in cirrhotic patients.