Current and future perspectives in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Abstract Although the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) used to be lower in East Asia as compared to Western countries, it has recently been increasing, most likely due to the socioeconomic development in the East. The prevalence of both GERD and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) ranges between 10% and 25% worldwide and there are distinct subgroups of patients with overlapping of GERD and FGIDs. However, the true prevalence of an overlap between GERD and FGIDs can be determined only when a formal pathophysiological evaluation has been performed. Nocturnal reflux symptoms have a significant impact on patients' sleep quality and quality of life. Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can improve both reflux and sleep-related symptoms, the relationship between nocturnal reflux events and sleep disturbance is not fully understood. GERD plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis, and PPIs or fundoplication may decrease the likelihood of pulmonary exacerbation or even improve pulmonary function. Refractory reflux symptoms without esophagitis have become one of the most common presentations of GERD in gastroenterology clinics. There are several new medical therapies, and endoscopic as well as laparoscopic techniques that have been increasingly used in these patients. The selection of options should be tailored and individualized based on the pathophysiology of refractory GERD.