Cittadanza e religione in Croazia e Indonesia: tra identita nazionale e influenze transnazionali

Based on the multicultural theories of citizenship, this article proposes a descriptive analysis of the relationship between citizenship and religion in two countries, Croatia and Indonesia. In particular, it examines the relationship between nationality, religion and citizenship regimes, focusing on their transformations. Our findings show that, as a result of the influence of transnational actors, a different relationship between religion and nationality has been established in both Croatia and Indonesia, which has affected the citizenship rights of religious, majority and minority groups. While in Croatia, EU membership has led to the emergence of liberal values of political and social inclusion of ethnic and religious minorities; in Indonesia, the rise of transnational Islamist movements has encouraged the emergence of a differentiated and hierarchical citizenship, openly in favour of the Sunni Muslim majority.