Phenology and radial growth of poplars in wide alley agroforestry systems and the effect on yield of annual intercrops in the first four years of tree age

Silvoarable agroforestry systems have the potential to combat the negative effects of climate change while also enhancing productivity per unit land. Although the growth rate of large-spaced trees remains poorly investigated and the yield of annual intercrops uncertain, silvoarable agroforestry systems with poplar are receiving an evergrowing interest. This study assessed the growth of the new HES (High Environmental Sustainability) poplar clone, Moncalvo, arranged in 40-m spaced parallel alleys with a density of 35 trees ha􀀀 1 (SA, silvoarable). Their growth was compared to those cultivated in a specialized poplar plantation (C, control) with 277 trees ha-1, and the agronomic impact on wheat and soybean as intercrops was explored. Measurements took place between 2018 and 2021 during the first 4 years, which represents the midpoint of the expected poplar rotation. Here it was demonstrated that at the end of the investigated period, diameter at breast height was significantly greater (23.8 vs. 20.5 cm, +16%) and the plant height lower (14.3 vs. 15.5 m, -8%) in poplar grown in SA as compared to those in C, likely due to reduced intraspecific competition for environmental resources. In SA, seasonal tree phenology was delayed by approximately two weeks in spring, possibly due to the high sensitivity of poplar to low soil water content and cooler night air temperatures in springtime. The grain yield of wheat was not impaired by tree shading but instead occasionally improved when neighboring the poplar alley (e.g., year 2021: +28% at 12 m from the tree row vs. full sun conditions), while soybean yield was generally reduced (maximum -38% at 6 m from the tree row). This study innovatively studied the growth response of HES poplar clones in silvoarable systems by providing valuable insights into the growth dynamics of trees grown in combination with field crops. It is concluded that poplars in wide spaced alleys of silvoarable systems in temperate climates grow faster than poplars in plantations of high population density due to enhanced access to resources, while future investigations will allow for the identification of clone-specific rotation durations. In the arable tree interrow, winter crops more readily benefit from such agroforestry system than summer crops due to reduced cycle overlap and light competition with the tree canopy.