From biogas to biomethane: Comparison of sustainable scenarios for upgrading plant location based on greenhouse gas emissions and cost assessments

Addressing the global energy crisis and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) necessitates shifting towards renewable energy sources, with biomethane emerging as a viable alternative. This study evaluated three scenarios for biomethane production from biogas: localized upgrading for biofuel use, district upgrading for biofuel use, and district upgrading with grid injection. By utilizing economic assessments and spatial and network analysis, the optimal locations for upgrading plants were identified to minimize transportation costs and GHG emissions (CO2 equivalents). Results indicate that Scenario 1 achieves the lowest emissions and operating costs (41 MEUR), while Scenarios 2 and 3, despite higher initial investments (152–173 MEUR), offer significant economies of scale (1187–1321 MEUR) and substantial annual production capacities (8.8 × 106 Sm³ of biomethane). Comparative and sensitivity analyses show renewable energy sources reduce GHG emissions by up to 83.7% and significantly lower operating costs. This research underscores the critical role of strategic planning and renewable energy integration in optimizing the biomethane value chain for environmental sustainability and economic viability while also emphasizing the need for further research to refine these findings.