Marsh topography reveals the signature of storm-surge-driven sedimentation

Salt marshes are valuable tidal landforms threatened by drowning due to increasing sea levels. Marsh accretion supported by sediment settling during repeated flooding potentially offsets the relative elevation loss. Although tidal flooding is commonly depicted as the main mechanism delivering the sediment to marshes, storm surges and waves may deeply affect tidal flow conditions and sediment reworking in shallow tidal systems, thus raising questions on the relative contribution of these processes to salt-marsh accretion. Here we show that storm surges substantially sustain the marsh sediment budget, locally contributing up to 90% of sedimentation, and critically influence depositional patterns by analyzing a 3-yr-long measurement record of sedimentation on the marshes in the Venice Lagoon (Italy). Surge-enhanced water levels promote wind-wave-driven sediment fluxes directly across the tidal flat-marsh transition, altering tidal sedimentation patterns and, thus, affecting marsh topograp...