Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium with heterogeneous etiology, clinical presentation, and prognosis; when it is associated with myocardial dysfunction, this identifies the entity of inflammatory cardiomyopathy. In the last few decades, the relevance of the immune system in myocarditis onset and progression has become evident, thus having crucial clinical relevance in terms of treatment and prognostic stratification. In fact, the advances in cardiac immunology have led to a better characterization of the cellular subtypes involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory cardiomyopathy, whether the etiology is infectious or autoimmune/immune-mediated. The difference in the clinical course between spontaneous recovery to acute, subacute, or chronic progression to end-stage heart failure may be explained not only by classical prognostic markers but also through immune-pathological mechanisms at a cellular level. Nevertheless, much still needs to be clarified in terms of immune characterization and molecular mechanisms especially in biopsy-proven myocarditis. The aims of this review are to (1) describe inflammatory cardiomyopathy etiology, especially immune-mediated/autoimmune forms, (2) analyze recent findings on the role of different immune cells subtypes in myocarditis, (3) illustrate the potential clinical relevance of such findings, and (4) highlight the need of further studies in pivotal areas of myocarditis cellular immunology.
Cellular Immunology of Myocarditis: Lights and Shades—A Literature Review
	
	
	
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
		
		
		
		
		
			
			
			
		
		
		
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
						
							
							
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
							
						
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
						
							
							
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
						
							
							
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
						
							
							
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
							
						
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
							
						
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
							
						
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
						
							
							
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
			
			
				
				
					
					
					
					
						
							
						
						
					
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
				
			
			
		
		
		
		
	
Giordani A. S.;Pontara E.;Bison E.;Peloso-Cattini M. G.;Caforio A. L. P.
	
		
		
	
			2024
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium with heterogeneous etiology, clinical presentation, and prognosis; when it is associated with myocardial dysfunction, this identifies the entity of inflammatory cardiomyopathy. In the last few decades, the relevance of the immune system in myocarditis onset and progression has become evident, thus having crucial clinical relevance in terms of treatment and prognostic stratification. In fact, the advances in cardiac immunology have led to a better characterization of the cellular subtypes involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory cardiomyopathy, whether the etiology is infectious or autoimmune/immune-mediated. The difference in the clinical course between spontaneous recovery to acute, subacute, or chronic progression to end-stage heart failure may be explained not only by classical prognostic markers but also through immune-pathological mechanisms at a cellular level. Nevertheless, much still needs to be clarified in terms of immune characterization and molecular mechanisms especially in biopsy-proven myocarditis. The aims of this review are to (1) describe inflammatory cardiomyopathy etiology, especially immune-mediated/autoimmune forms, (2) analyze recent findings on the role of different immune cells subtypes in myocarditis, (3) illustrate the potential clinical relevance of such findings, and (4) highlight the need of further studies in pivotal areas of myocarditis cellular immunology.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
| cells-13-02082.pdf accesso aperto 
											Tipologia:
											Published (Publisher's Version of Record)
										 
											Licenza:
											
											
												Creative commons
												
												
													
													
													
												
												
											
										 
										Dimensione
										1.58 MB
									 
										Formato
										Adobe PDF
									 | 1.58 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri | 
Pubblicazioni consigliate
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.




