Managing challenging patients with venous thromboembolism: A practical, case-based approach

The management of patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common clinical scenario that, for the most part, involves well-established, evidence-based treatment pathways. However, important unanswered clinical questions remain that are the focus of ongoing research. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a practical, case-based approach to the following clinical scenarios in which therapeutic management pathways are less well established: How long to administer anticoagulation to patients with a first unprovoked VTE? How to manage complex patients with cancer-associated VTE? When and how to treat patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis? When to use thrombolytic therapy for deep vein thrombosis?