Comparative Analysis of International Regulations on Landslide Risk Assessment and Management for Bridges and Viaducts

The tragic collapse of the Morandi Bridge in Genoa, Italy, in 2022 prompted the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport to establish new guidelines focusing on the classification, management, safety assessments, and monitoring of bridges. The Italian guidelines present a multi-level and multi-risk approach, progressing through phases of increasing depth and complexity, aimed at standardizing the prioritization of interventions based on various risk categories: structural, seismic, landslide, and hydraulic risks.Across different countries, regulations for landslide risk assessment vary significantly. Some focus on hazard probabilities or specific triggering factors without addressing infrastructure interaction, while others concentrate solely on structural risk, neglecting geotechnical or landslide factors. Furthermore, certain regulatory frameworks prioritize landslide hazard assessment over susceptibility estimation, while others provide general inspection guidelines rather than regulations focused on comprehensive risk assessment. These differences are further reflected in the underlying parameters for risk evaluation, which vary across countries.This comparative study gives an insight on international regulations andprovides a detailed comparison between Italian, Chinese, and USA regulations, emphasizing the similarities and divergences between their approaches. The analysis of these international frameworks offers insights into the diverse strategies for managing bridge safety with reference to landslide events, facilitating the identification of best practices and effective methodologies for risk assessment in these complex interaction scenarios. Ultimately, this study contributes to the global discourse on infrastructure safety and maintenance, particularly in the context of landslide-structure interaction.