Incorporating active commuting into daily life: a narrative review of e-bikes’ impact on health and urban air quality

In the face of rising physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyles, and worsening air quality, innovative solutions that promote individual well-being, public health, and urban sustainability are urgently needed. Active commuting (AC) and particularly e-bikes offer a promising and scalable intervention, particularly in Europe, where millions of workers commute daily, and the transport sector remains a leading source of pollution. This narrative review was conducted by searching peer-reviewed articles and institutional reports on scientific databases until December 2024, focusing primarily on European studies. This review examined the impact of AC and e-bikes on physical activity, health, air quality, urban mobility, and technological innovations. Findings reveal that AC and e-bikes represent a viable alternative to integrate low- to moderate-intensity physical activity into daily routines, while mitigating the health risks associated with prolonged sitting. Evidence also showed that e-bikes contribute to reduced CO2 emissions and improved urban mobility. However, adoption rates across Europe remain relatively low and heterogeneous, making it crucial to understand the individual, and social factors influencing their use. Beyond their physical and environmental benefits, e-bikes are increasingly embedded within intelligent transport systems, featuring IoT connectivity, real-time monitoring, and user-centered design that enhance safety, and user engagement. This review highlights the role of e-bikes as a bridge between public health, urban planning, and digital innovation, providing actionable insights for policymakers committed to promoting active lifestyles and building more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable cities.