DSM-5 Functional Framework: Structure and Psychopathological Correlates of the DSM-5 Levels of Functioning Questionnaire–Short Form

Interest in the Level of Personality Functioning (LPF), defined by Criterion A of the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD), is growing. LPF includes self-functioning (identity, self-direction) and interpersonal functioning (empathy, intimacy). While LPF is crucial for understanding personality dysfunction, its ability to distinguish personality disorders from other conditions remains debated. The DSM-5 Levels of Functioning Questionnaire–Short Form (DLOPFQ-SF) is a promising LPF measure, but further research in diverse populations is needed. This study examined the internal structure and psychopathological correlates of the DLOPFQ-SF in an Italian nonclinical sample. Specifically, it assessed the tool's factor structure and relations with the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) and positive adjustment. A sample of 1183 Italian participants (46.2% female, mean age = 31.3 ± 14.8) completed the DLOPFQ-SF and other self-report measures. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed a three-factor structure comprising Identity, Empathy, and Intimacy. Structural equation modeling (SEM) explored links between the three DLOPFQ-SF dimensions, HiTOP dimensions (internalizing, externalizing-antisocial, antagonism, detachment, psychoticism), and positive adjustment. In general, SEM analyses showed that higher LPF scores were associated with increased psychopathology and reduced well-being. The three subscales demonstrated specific links to distinct psychopathological outcomes, thereby supporting the construct validity of the DLOPFQ-SF. Despite the removal of the Self-Direction scale, the instrument proved useful in capturing key aspects of LPF across self and interpersonal domains, reinforcing its relevance within a dimensional model of psychopathology.