From Localization to Coordination: Distributed Causality and the Emergence of Biological Function in the Brain and Plant Systems

The classical localizationist framework in biology and neuroscience has provided a powerful approach for linking structure to function. However, increasing evidence indicates that biological functions emerge from distributed interactions across complex systems. While network and systems-based approaches have advanced this transition, they often remain focused on connectivity patterns or statistical dependencies. In this review, I argue that a further conceptual step is required: a coordination-based framework in which biological function emerges from the context-dependent selective stabilization of interactions among distributed components that become causally relevant for specific outcomes. I develop this perspective comparing brain network organization and plant signaling, two systems that exhibit adaptive behavior without relying on centralized control. Across both domains, function depends on the dynamic coordination of heterogeneous processes operating across multiple spatial and temporal scales. This framework acknowledges structural specialization but argues that specialized components become effective through coordinated interaction regimes. I further discuss how this perspective extends current systems biology approaches by prioritizing temporally structured interaction patterns as the primary explanatory target. Finally, I outline empirically testable predictions suggesting that biological function is better captured by time-resolved coordination dynamics, hubmediated integration, and metastable interaction regimes than by localized activity or static connectivity