Accounting for density-driven secondary flows at river confluences with a 2-D depth-averaged hydro-morphodynamic model

At river confluences, temperature-driven transverse density gradients induce secondary currents that interact with those generated by streamline curvature, affecting flow patterns and sediment dynamics. Here, a hydro- and morphodynamic two-dimensional (2-D) numerical model is enhanced to account for density-driven secondary flows, by solving the Shallow Water Equations coupled to transport equations for water temperature and streamwise angular momentum, driven by both streamline curvature and spanwise density gradients. A morphodynamic module computes bedload, suspended sediment transport, and the bed evolution. The model is tested against three-dimensional CFD results and applied to the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake confluence in both fixed and mobile bed modes. The results, which favorably compare to measured data, highlight the role of temperature dynamics in the pattern and intensity of secondary currents and their contribution in shaping the riverbed. The model allows for long-term morphodynamic simulations at low computational effort.