Romanino’s Colour Palette in the “Musicians” Fresco of the Duomo Vecchio, Brescia

This study examines the pigments and materials used in Girolamo Romanino’s Musicians fresco (1537-1538), located in the Duomo Vecchio in Brescia, with the aim of identifying and analysing the artist’s colour palette. Ten samples of the pictorial layer and mortar were collected from two frescoes and characterized using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to define the best po-sitions where single-point, spectroscopic techniques could be applied. Raman spectros-copy and micro-Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) were used to detect pigments and organic binders, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) provided additional insights into the mineral composition of the pigmenting layers, in combination with environmental scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spec-troscopy (ESEM-EDS). The analysis revealed the use of traditional fresco pigments, in-cluding calcite, carbon black, ochres, and copper-based pigments. Smalt and manganese earth were also identified, reflecting Romanino’s approach to colour and material selec-tion. Additionally, the detection of modern pigments such as titanium white and barite points to restoration interventions, shedding light on the fresco’s conservation history. This research provides one of the most comprehensive analyses of pigments in Roma-nino’s works, contributing to a deeper understanding of his artistic practices and con-temporary fresco techniques.