Contrasting solubility and speciation of metal ions in total suspended particulate matter and fog from the coast of Namibia - Part 1

The western coast of southern Africa is a region of particular climate interest and crossroads for aerosols of different origins as well as fog occurrences. In this study, we present a comparison between the concentration of dissolved trace metals in pairs of total suspended particulate (TSP) and fog water samples collected in Henties Bay, Namibia, during the AErosols, Radiation and CLOuds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) field campaign in September 2017. From inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements, we found that the concentration of dissolved Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Cr is enhanced in fog samples compared to the TSP samples. We found that thermodynamic modelling predicts the formation of soluble complexes with inorganic and organic ligands in fog for Cu, Cr, and Ni, but it would predict Al and Fe to precipitate as hydroxides given the neutral pH of fog. In contrast, X-ray absorption near edge structure measurements showed the presence of oxalate of Fe complexes that could explain its enhanced dissolved concentration in fog samples, despite a neutral pH. In addition, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements revealed the presence of nano-sized colloidal particles containing Fe and Al in filtered fog samples that may appear soluble in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) measurements. We hypothesise that these complexes are formed in the early stages of particle activation into droplets when water content and, therefore, pH are expected to be lower and then remain in fog in a kinetically stable form or lead to the formation of colloidal nanoparticles.