Distance learning during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: The role of family, school, and individual factors

School closure and distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic have posed several challenges to children. Drawing upon the social-ecological framework, in this preliminary study, we tested what factors may help to explain students' difficulties with distance learning during COVID-19 lockdown, by analyzing family, school, and individual variables. The final sample included 183 Italian middle-school students (97 girls and 86 boys; Mage = 11 years, 9 months; SDage = 8 months; range: 11-14 years), who completed online surveys before the pandemic (November 2019) and during lockdown (May 2020). Key findings indicate that students who showed fewer difficulties with distance learning reported a more positive family climate, a better relationship with their teachers, and were more able to regulate their emotions in stressful situations. The educational and policy implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).